Iron removal is among the problematic issues for making potable water.  Its main issues involve taste, visual effects, and clogging. Iron in the form of

Sulfate occurs naturally in groundwater. Concerns regarding the health effects of sulfate in drinking water have been raised because of reports that diarrhea may be

Chlorides may get into surface water from several sources including: Rocks containing chlorides, Agricultural runoff, Wastewater from industries, Oil well wastes, and Effluent wastewater from

Magnesium metals are not affected by water at room temperature. Magnesium generally is a slow-reacting element, but reactivity increases with oxygen levels. Furthermore, magnesium reacts

Calcium is naturally present in water. It may dissolve from rocks such as limestone, marble, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, fluorite, and apatite. Calcium is a determinant

Hard water can be problematic because the calcium and magnesium ions react with the higher fatty acids of soap to form an insoluble gelatinous curd,

Silica or silicon dioxide is found in abundance in the earth’s crust and is generally always present in a facility’s raw water intake. Silica is

Copper occurs naturally in an environment that shows high density relative to water and toxicity at low concentrations. Due to these characteristics, copper is classed

Chromium is a heavy metal that is high in hardness, high polish, a high melting point, and resistance to tarnish and corrosion. Native chromium metal